Back in the 1920s, the avant gardes, radicalized by the Russian revolution, explored the concept of the author as producer. This was a response to varied changes in the cultural industrial landscape, from the growth of newspapers and magazines to the coming of radio and film, in the light of a somewhat Marxist theory of economic development. Brecht, for instance, began to explore writing theater collectively. The surrealists briefly explored automatic writing. Skhlovsky and the Russian formalists became interested in skaz, or orality in the story. And then there was England, and a guy named Percy Lubbock. Who was not at all interested in writing as a product manufactured under the framework of capitalism. He was, in a gesture that referenced the 19 th century reaction to industrialism, interested in “craft”. The writer as the proprietor of an atelier, not as a worker in the factory of language – that is the image. Lubbock’s book, The Craft of Fiction, gifted us with th
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